Appendix B -Practical Gamma-Ray Spectrometry

Appendix B - Table B.1 Gamma-ray and X-ray Standards for Detector Calibration

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This Appendix contains evaluated and recommended data on a selected set of radionuclides suitable for use in the energy and efficiency calibration of detectors. The data in the first edition of this book were taken from X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Standards for Detector Calibration, published by the International Atomic Energy Agency as IAEA TECDOC-619. Since that time, the data has been re-evaluated and extended within the international Decay Date Evaluation Project (DDEP). After much delay the updated data was published by the IAEA as XGAMMA (X-ray and Gamma-ray Decay Data Standards for Detector Calibration and Other Applications) in late spring 2007.
Rather than reproduce the whole of that report, which is accessible on the internet at http://www-nds.iaea.org/xgamma_standards/, I have restricted myself to updating the data for nuclides in the original table. For convenience, the gamma-ray and X-ray standards, listed separately in XGAMMA, are here combined into one table. An Excel spreadsheet holding the original data is available for download via the XGAMMA webpage. I believe that all this data have been incorporated into the DDEP and LARA databases. (See the Data page for further details.) Another spreadsheet, xgamma.xls containing all the XGAMMA tables combined into one table, nuclide-by-nuclide, is available for download on this site.

Notes.

The 'decay mode' shown is the major mode but is frequently not the only one.
All half-lives are in days. This may appear cumbersome for the longer half-lives, but the year is not a unit approved for use with the SI. (A calendar year is of variable length; in the long term, 1 year [international symbol a] = 365.242 198 78 d, and this is sometimes used.)
The uncertainties shown are estimated standard uncertainties, and refer to the uncertainty of the last one or two digits; thus 950.8 (9) means 950.8 ± 0.9 and 0.99935 (15) means 0.99935 ± 0.00015.
In general, X-rays below 10 keV have been omitted.
Where appropriate, emissions have been identified as particular X-rays or gamma-rays emitted by a particular daughter nuclide. Unidentified emissions are gamma-rays from the nuclide for which the data is quoted.

Nuclide	Decay Mode	Half-life (d)	Emission ID	Energy (keV)	Emission Probability P`g`

²²Na	EC	950.57 (23)		511.00	1.798 (2)
²²Na	EC	950.57 (23)		1274.537 (3)	0.9994 (14)

²⁴Na		0.62329 (6)		1368.626 (5)	0.999935 (5)
²⁴Na		0.62329 (6)		2754.007 (11)	0.99872 (8)

⁴⁶Sc		83.79 (4)	Ti K	4.51	0.000047 (2)
				889.271 (2)	0.999833 (5)
				1120.537 (3)	0.99986 (-4,+36)

⁵¹Cr	EC	27.7009 (20)	V K`a`	4.94 - 4.95	0.202 (3)
			V K`b`	5.43 - 5.46	0.0269 (7)
				320.0835 (4)	0.0987 (5)

⁵⁴Mn	EC	312.29 (26)	Cr K`a`	5.405 - 5.415	0.00227 (3)
			Cr K`b`	5.947	0.000305 (7)
				834.838 (5)	0.999746 (11)

⁵⁵Fe	EC	1002.7 (23)	Mn L	0.556 - 0.721	0.0066 (10)
			Mn K`a`2	5.8877	0.0845 (14)
			Mn K`a`1	5.8988	0.1656 (27)
			Mn K`b`1	6.49 - 6.54	0.034 (7)

⁵⁶Co	EC	77.236 (26)	Fe K`a`2	6.39091 (5)	0.0753 (10)
			Fe K`a`1	6.40391 (3)	0.1475 (17)
			Fe K`b`1	7.058 - 7.108	0.0305 (5)
				846.7638 (19)	0.999399 (23)
				977.363 (4)	0.01422 (7)
				1037.8333 (24)	0.1403 (5)
				1175.0878 (22)	0.02249 (9)
				1238.2736 (22)	0.6641 (16)
				1360.196 (4)	0.0428 (13)
				1771.327 (3)	0.1545 (4)
				2015.176 (5)	0.03017 (14)
				2034.752 (5)	0.07741 (13)
				2598.438 (4)	0.1696 (4)
				3009.559 (4)	0.01038 (19)
				3201.93 (11)	0.03203 (13)
				3253.402 (5)	0.0787 (3)
				3272.978 (6)	0.01855 (9)
				3451.119 (4)	0.00942 (6)

⁵⁷Co	EC	271.8 (5)	Fe K`a`2	6.39084	0.168 (3)
			Fe K`a`1	6.40384	0.332 (5)
			Fe K`b`1	7.058 - 7.108	0.071 (2)
				14.41295 (31)	0.0915 (17)
				122.06065 (12)	0.8551 (6)
				136.47356 (29)	0.1071 (15)

⁵⁸Co	EC	70.86 (6)	Fe K`a`	6.4	0.235 (3)
			Fe K`b`	7.06	0.032 (10)
			Ni K`a`	7.46 - 7.48	0.000098 (3)
			Ni K`b`	8.26 - 8.33	0.0000136 (5)
				511	0.3 (4)
				810.759 (2)	0.9945 (1)

⁶⁰Co		1925.23 (27)	Ni K`a`	7.46 - 7.48	0.000098 (3)
			Ni K`b`	8.26 - 8.33	0.0000136 (5)
				1173.228 (3)	0.9985 (3)
				1332.492 (4)	0.999826 (6)

⁶⁵Zn	EC	243.86 (20)	Cu K`a`	8.03 - 8.05	0.347 (3)
			Cu K`b`	8.90 - 8.98	0.0482 (7)
				511.00	0.0284 (4)
				1115.539 (2)	0.506 (22)

⁷⁵Se	EC	119.778 (29)	As L	1.28	0.0206 (7)
			As K`a`2	10.508	0.1659 (23)
			As K`a`1	10.5437	0.322 (4)
			As K`b`	11.72 - 11.86	0.0764 (12)
				66.0518 (8)	0.01112 (12)
				96.734 (9)	0.0342 (3)
				121.1155 (11)	0.172 (3)
				136.0001 (6)	0.582 (7)
				198.606 (12)	0.0148 (4)
				264.6576 (9)	0.589 (3)
				279.5422 (10)	0.2499 (13)
				303.9236 (10)	0.01316 (8)
				400.6572 (8)	0.1147 (9)

⁸⁵Sr	EC	64.851 (5)	Rb K`a`2	13.3359 (2)	0.1716 (17)
			Rb K`a`1	13.3955 (1)	0.3304 (29)
			Rb K`b`1	14.95 - 15.09	0.0804 (10)
			Rb K`b`2	15.19 - 15.21	0.0093 (4)
				514.0048 (22)	0.985 (4)

⁸⁸Y	EC	106.625 (24)	Sr K`a`2	14.098 (1)	0.173 (22)
			Sr K`a`1	14.1652 (2)	0.332 (4)
			Sr K`b`1	15.8359 (4)	0.0821 (12)
			Sr K`b`2	16.0847 (6)	0.0107 (4)
				898.036 (4)	0.939 (23)
				1836.052 (13)	0.9938 (3)

^93mNb	IT	5.73 (22) × 10³	Nb K`a`2	16.5213	0.0316 (7)
			Nb K`a`1	16.6152	0.0604 (12)
			Nb K`b`1	18.618	0.0156 (5)
			Nb K`b`2	18.953	0.0023 (1)
				30.77 (2)	0.000559 (16)

⁹⁴Nb		7.3 (9) × 10⁶		702.639 (4)	0.99815 (6)
⁹⁴Nb		7.3 (9) × 10⁶		871.114 (3)	0.99892 (3)

⁹⁵Nb		34.991 (6)	Mo K`a`2	17.374	0.000286 (9)
			Mo K`a`1	17.479	0.000546 (17)
			Mo K`b`1	19.59 - 19.77	0.000143 (5)
			Mo K`b`2	19.96 - 20.00	0.000022 (11)
				765.803 (6)	0.99808 (7)

¹⁰⁹Cd	EC	461.4 (12)	Ag K`a`2	21.9906 (2)	0.2899 (25)
			Ag K`a`1	22.1632 (1)	0.547 (4)
			Ag K`b`1	24.912 - 25.146	0.1514 (18)
			Ag K`b`2	25.457 - 25.512	0.0263 (10)
				88.0336 (11)	0.03626 (20)

¹¹¹In	EC	2.8049 (6)	Cd K`a`2	22.9843	0.236 (2)
			Cd K`a`1	23.1738	0.444 (3)
			Cd K`b`1	26.061 - 26.304	0.124 (4)
			Cd K`b`2	26.64 - 26.70	0.023 (1)
				171.28 (3)	0.9066 (25)
				245.35 (4)	0.9409 (6)

¹¹³Sn	EC	115.09 (4)	In K`a`2	24.002	0.2785 (22)
			In K`a`1	24.2097	0.522 (4)
			In K`b`1	27.238 - 27.499	0.146 (12)
			In K`b`2	27.861 - 27.940	0.0284 (2)
				255.134 (10)	0.0211 (8)
				391.698 (3)	0.6494 (17)

¹²⁵Sb		1007.48 (21)	Te K`a`2	27.202 (2)	0.191 (7)
			Te K`a`1	27.4726 (2)	0.357 (12)
			Te K`b`1	30.945 - 31.236	0.102 (4)
			Te K`b`2	31.701 - 31.774	0.0221 (10)
				176.314 (2)	0.0682 (7)
				380.452 (8)	0.0152 (15)
				427.874 (4)	0.2955 (24)
				463.365 (4)	0.1048 (9)
				600.597 (2)	0.1776 (18)
				606.713 (3)	0.0502 (5)
				635.95 (3)	0.1132 (10)
				671.441 (6)	0.01783 (16)

¹²⁵I	EC	59.402 (14)	Te K`a`2	27.202 (2)	0.397 (6)
			Te K`a`1	27.4726 (2)	0.74 (11)
			Te K`b`1	30.945 - 31.241	0.212 (4)
			Te K`b`2	31.701 - 31.812	0.0459 (14)
				35.4919 (5)	0.0667 (17)

¹³³Ba	EC	3848.7 (12)	Cs K`a`2	30.625	0.34 (4)
			Cs K`a`1	30.973	0.628 (7)
			Cs K`b`1	34.92 - 35.26	0.182 (2)
			Cs K`b`2	35.82 - 35.97	0.046 (1)
				53.1622 (6)	0.0214 (3)
				79.6142 (12)	0.0265 (5)
				80.9979 (11)	0.329 (3)
				276.3989 (12)	0.0716 (5)
				302.8508 (5)	0.1834 (13)
				356.0129 (7)	0.6205 (19)
				383.8485 (12)	0.0894 (6)

¹³⁴Cs		753.5 (10)		563.243 (3)	0.0837 (3)
				569.327 (3)	0.1538 (4)
				604.72 (3)	0.9765 (18)
				795.83 (3)	0.855 (3)
				801.945 (4)	0.087 (3)
				1365.186 (4)	0.03017 (12)

¹³⁷Cs		1.099 (4) × 10⁴	Ba L	3.954 - 5.973	0.009 (5)
			Ba K`a`2	31.8174	0.0195 (4)
			Ba K`a`1	32.1939	0.0359 (7)
			Ba K`b`1	36.31 - 36.67	0.01055 (22)
			Ba K`b`2	37.26 - 37.43	0.00266 (8)
				661.657 (3)	0.8499 (20)

¹³⁹Ce	EC	137.642 (20)	La K`a`2	33.0344 (2)	0.225 (3)
			La K`a`1	33.4421 (1)	0.412 (4)
			La K`b`1	37.721 - 38.095	0.123 (18)
			La K`b`2	38.730 - 38.910	0.0311 (6)
				165.8575 (11)	0.799 (4)

¹⁵²Eu	EC	4941 (7)	Sm K`a`2	39.5229	0.208 (3)
			Sm K`a`1	40.1186	0.377 (5)
			Sm K`b`1	45.289 - 45.731	0.1178 (19)
			Sm K`b`2	46.575 - 46.813	0.0304 (8)
				121.7817 (3)	0.2841 (13)
				244.6974 (8)	0.0755 (4)
				344.2785 (12)	0.2658 (12)
				411.1165 (12)	0.02237 (10)
				443.965 (3)	0.03125 (14)
				778.9045 (24)	0.1296 (6)
				867.38 (3)	0.04241 (23)
				964.072 (18)	0.1462 (6)
				1085.837 (10)	0.1013 (6)
				1089.737 (5)	0.01731 (10)
				1112.076 (3)	0.134 (6)
				1212.948 (11)	0.01415 (9)
				1299.142 (8)	0.01632 (9)
				1408.013 (3)	0.2085 (9)

¹⁵⁴Eu		3138.1 (14)	Gd K`a`2	42.3093	0.072 (2)
			Gd K`a`1	42.9967	0.13 (3)
			Gd K`b`1	48.556 - 49.053	0.041 (1)
			Gd K`b`2	49.961 - 50.219	0.0108 (3)
				123.0706 (9)	0.404 (5)
				247.9288 (7)	0.0689 (7)
				591.755 (3)	0.0495 (5)
				692.4205 (18)	0.0179 (3)
				723.3014 (22)	0.2005 (21)
				756.802 (23)	0.0453 (5)
				873.1834 (23)	0.1217 (12)
				996.262 (6)	0.105 (10)
				1004.725 (7)	0.1785 (17)
				1246.121 (4)	0.00862 (8)
				1274.429 (4)	0.349 (3)
				1596.4804 (28)	0.01783 (17)

¹⁵⁵Eu		1736 (6)		26.531 (21)	0.00316 (22)
			Gd K`a`2	42.3093	0.067 (13)
			Gd K`a`1	42.9967	0.1205 (23)
				45.299 (10)	0.0131 (5)
			Gd K`b`1	48.556 - 49.053	0.0384 (11)
			Gd K`b`2	49.961 - 50.219	0.0098 (3)
				60.0086 (10)	0.0122 (5)
				86.0591 (10)	0.00154 (17)
				86.5479 (10)	0.307 (3)
				105.3083 (10)	0.211 (6)

¹⁹⁸Au		2.695 (7)	Hg K`a`2	68.8952 (12)	0.00809 (8)
			Hg K`a`1	70.8196 (12)	0.01372 (12)
			Hg K`b`1	79.82 - 80.76	0.00466 (8)
			Hg K`b`2	82.43 - 83.03	0.00136 (4)
				411.80205 (17)	0.9554 (7)
				675.8836 (7)	0.00806 (7)
				1087.6842 (7)	0.00159 (3)

²⁰³Hg	-	46.594 (12)	Tl L	8.953 - 14.738	0.0543 (9)
			Tl K`a`2	70.8325 (8)	0.0375 (4)
			Tl K`a`1	72.8725 (8)	0.0633 (6)
			Tl K`b`1	82.118 - 83.115	0.0215 (4)
			Tl K`b`2	84.838 - 85.530	0.0064 (2)
				279.1952 (10)	0.8148 (8)

²⁰⁷Bi	EC	1.18 (3) × 10⁴	Pb L	9.18 - 15.84	0.332 (14)
			Pb K`a`2	72.805	0.2169 (24)
			Pb K`a`1	74.97	0.365 (4)
			Pb K`b`1	84.451 - 85.470	0.1246 (23)
			Pb K`b`2	87.238 - 88.003	0.0376 (10)
				569.698 (2)	0.9776 (3)
				1063.656 (3)	0.7458 (49)
				1770.228 (9)	0.0687 (3)

²²⁸Th		698.6 (23)	Tl Ll	8.953	0.00169 (9)
with its daughters in equilibrium. ²⁰⁸Tl emission probabilities have been adjusted for ²¹²Bi branching (35.94%).			Pb L	9.184 - 15.216	0.0104 (2)
			Tl La	10.172 - 10.268	0.0326 (17)
			Tl Lß?	10.994 - 12.643	0.0272 (15)
			Ra La	12.196 - 12.339	0.0286 (15)
			Ra Lß?	13.662 - 15.447	0.047 (3)
			Tl L?	14.291 - 14.738	0.005 (2)
			Ra L?	17.848 - 18.412	0.0102 (6)
			Pb K`a`2	72.8049 (8)	0.0077 (2)
			Bi K`a`2	74.8157 (9)	0.107 (3)
			Pb K`a`1	74.97 (9)	0.013 (3)
			Bi K`a`1	77.1088 (10)	0.179 (5)
				84.373 (3)	0.0117 (5)
			Pb K`b`1	84.451 - 85.470	0.0044 (2)
			Bi K`b`1	86.835 - 87.862	0.0612 (20)
			Pb K`b`2	87.238 - 88.003	0.00134 (5)
			Bi K`b`2	89.732 - 90.522	0.0187 (7)
			212Pb	115.183 (5)	0.00623 (22)
				131.612 (4)	0.00124 (6)
				215.985 (4)	0.00226 (20)
			212Pb	238.632 (2)	0.436 (3)
			208Tl	277.37 (3)	0.0237 (11)
			212Pb	300.09 (1)	0.0318 (13)
			208Tl	583.187 (2)	0.3055 (17)
			212Bi	727.33 (1)	0.0674 (12)
			212Bi	785.37 (9)	0.0111 (1)
			208Tl	860.56 (3)	0.0448 (4)
			212Bi	1620.74 (1)	0.0151 (3)
			208Tl	2614.511 (10)	0.3585 (7)

²³⁹Np		2.35 (4)	Pu K`a`1	99.525	0.135 (4)
Half-live from XGAMMA Emission data DDEP.				103.734	0.214 (6)
				106.125 (2)	0.259 (3)
				228.183 (1)	0.1132 (22)
				277.599 (1)	0.144 (1)

^241Am		1.5785 (23) × 10⁵	Np Ll	11.89 (2)	0.00848 (10)
			Np La	13.9 (2)	0.1303 (10)
			Np Lß?	17.81 (2)	0.1886 (15)
			Np L?	20.82 (2)	0.0481 (4)
				26.3446 (2)	0.024 (3)
				33.1963 (3)	0.00121 (3)
				59.5409 (1)	0.3578 (9)

^243Am		2.692 (8) × 10⁶	Np Ll	11.871	0.00445 (14)
			Np La	13.761 - 13.946	0.0705 (20)
			Np L?	15.861	0.00126 (4)
			Np Lß	16.109 - 17.992	0.0818 (16)
			Np L?	20.784 - 21.491	0.0197 (4)
				43.53 (2)	0.0589 (10)
				74.66 (2)	0.672 (12)

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